Free Essays on Maslow Rokeach

Maslow’s Theory says that he believes that humans strive for an upper level of capabilities and humans seek the limit of creativity, the highest level of consciousness and wisdom. Maslow has set up a hierarchic theory of needs. All of his basic needs are instinctual, equivalent of instincts in animals. Humans start with a very weak outlook that is then shaped as the person grows. If the environment is right, people will grow straight and beautiful, realizing the potentials they have inherited. If the environment is not "right" they will not grow tall and straight and beautiful. One must satisfy lower level basic needs before progressing onto meeting the higher-level growth needs. Once these needs have been reasonably satisfied they may be able to reach the highest-level called self-actualization. The steps of this pyramid starting from the bottom include: Physiological needs, Safety needs, Belonging needs, Esteem needs and finally Self-actualization. I agree with him on the his pyramid because I think that you can not go on to the next subject or â€Å"level† until the one you are currently on is completed. Different people have different levels of completeness. Rokeach’s Theory was about open and closed mindedness about beliefs, attitudes and values. He had a system that he followed about beliefs, attitudes and values that were as follows: Beliefs vary in centrality: the more central, the more resistant to change. Change in central Beliefs lead to overall change in belief system. Changes in peripheral Beliefs lead to less change in overall system. Value is the most important conception in understanding behavior. Values have two functions: Instrumental (day to day) and Terminal (ultimate aims).... Free Essays on Maslow Rokeach Free Essays on Maslow Rokeach Maslow’s Theory says that he believes that humans strive for an upper level of capabilities and humans seek the limit of creativity, the highest level of consciousness and wisdom. Maslow has set up a hierarchic theory of needs. All of his basic needs are instinctual, equivalent of instincts in animals. Humans start with a very weak outlook that is then shaped as the person grows. If the environment is right, people will grow straight and beautiful, realizing the potentials they have inherited. If the environment is not "right" they will not grow tall and straight and beautiful. One must satisfy lower level basic needs before progressing onto meeting the higher-level growth needs. Once these needs have been reasonably satisfied they may be able to reach the highest-level called self-actualization. The steps of this pyramid starting from the bottom include: Physiological needs, Safety needs, Belonging needs, Esteem needs and finally Self-actualization. I agree with him on the his pyramid because I think that you can not go on to the next subject or â€Å"level† until the one you are currently on is completed. Different people have different levels of completeness. Rokeach’s Theory was about open and closed mindedness about beliefs, attitudes and values. He had a system that he followed about beliefs, attitudes and values that were as follows: Beliefs vary in centrality: the more central, the more resistant to change. Change in central Beliefs lead to overall change in belief system. Changes in peripheral Beliefs lead to less change in overall system. Value is the most important conception in understanding behavior. Values have two functions: Instrumental (day to day) and Terminal (ultimate aims)....

Meaning and Origin of the Surname Peterson

Meaning and Origin of the Surname Peterson Peterson is a Scandinavian patronymic surname meaning son of Peter. The given name Peter is derived from the Greek πΠ­Ãâ€žÃ ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€šÃ‚  (petros), meaning rock or stone, and has been a popular name choice throughout history for the Christian apostle Peter, chosen by Christ to be the rock on which the church was to be found.  It is estimated that there are over 700 different spellings of the Peterson surname and suspicions that the name came from the Danish name Petersen. Quick Facts The Peterson spelling may also be an Americanized form of similar non-English surnames such as Petersen or Pettersson. Five additional alternate surname spellings include Peters, Petersson, Peterssen, Peterzen and even Pedersen.The surname is most commonly found in European countries such as Denmark, Germany, Holland,  and Brussels in the northwestern region.In Denmark, it has been calculated that nearly 3.4% of the population has the surname Peterson.Peterson is the  63rd most popular surname  in the United States.Some of the most popular male first name with the surname Peterson include John, Robert, and William. Anna, Emma, and Mary are some of the most common female names.The origin of the surname includes  English, Scottish, and  German. Famous People Oscar Peterson: Canadian jazz pianist and composer  who won eight Grammy AwardsAmanda Peterson: Former American actress who was in the romantic comedy movie Cant Buy Me Love (1987)Drew Peterson: Former policeman convicted of murdering his wifeAdrian Peterson: NFL running back for the Minnesota VikingsDebbi Peterson: American drummer and musician in the all-female band, The Bangles Genealogy Resources 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their Meanings   Smith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census?Peterson Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Peterson surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Peterson query.FamilySearch - Peterson GenealogySearch and browse historical records and family trees for the Peterson surname and its variations on the free FamilySearch website.Peterson Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Peterson surname.DistantCousin.com - Peterson Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Peterson. To find the meaning of a given name, review the resource First Name Meanings. If, for some reason, you cant find your last name listed below,  suggest a surname to be added to the Glossary of Surname Meanings and Origins. References: Surname Meanings and Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German-Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005.Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004.Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Children and hand-washing and Diaper changing Research Paper

Children and hand-washing and Diaper changing - Research Paper Example Work up a good lather for at least one minute. I actually felt confident about my hand washing and diaper changing techniques because I have helped take care of baby nieces and nephews in the past so this task was not really alien to me. I just had to make a few adjustments to my technique in order to come up to the required methods for this class. Like I mentioned earlier, I needed to make a few adjustments in terms of where to lay the clean diaper and how to transfer the child to that clean diaper. My hand washing technique, however, does not require any changes. I have learned that properly positioning the diaper under the child and making sure that the diaper is properly spread out could spell the difference in a childs comfort. The more spread out the diaper, the more comfortable the child will be. I also learned the importance of having clean hands while changing a

Mental and Physical Problems Stemming From Childhood Obesity Research Paper - 1

Mental and Physical Problems Stemming From Childhood Obesity - Research Paper Example According to Pretlow (2010), childhood obesity is caused by the imbalance between the calorie intake and calorie utilized (p. 1). Changing life styles, life philosophies and eating habits are causing this problem. Many of the modern children consider eating as a recreational activity. They are not much interested in researching the ingredients of the food while taking food from fast food outlets and restaurants. Instead of nutrients, taste is the primary factor considered by the modern children while taking foods. At the same time, modern generation is less interested in physical workouts even though they are taking excessive fatty and sweetly foods. Thus excess calories acquired through food get deposited or accumulate in the body as fat which will create problems in the life of the child at present as well as in the future. Karnik & Kanekar pointed out that â€Å"Lack of playtime, little or no physical education at schools, videogames and excessive TV viewing time are proposed as the major cause of the childhood obesity epidemic† (Karnik & Kanekar, p. 4). Obese children may not be able to socialize properly with peers. They often undergo bullying and teasing from the fellow students. So, they will try to limit their activities in front of computers or television sets. They may not go out and play with the peers because of the fear of teasing and harassment. Many children have the habit of taking shelter in eating to avoid frustrations generated out of obesity related problems. Overeating may increase the obesity related problems further. Modern researches have shown that childhood obesity may cause physical and mental problems in the current life of the child as well as in the future life of the child. Physical health problems such as overweight, high blood pressure, cholesterol, coronary problems, diabetes, thyroid etc and mental problems such as lack of self-esteem,

Complications of Endoscopic Sinus Surgery

Complications of Endoscopic Sinus Surgery INTRODUCTION: Endoscopic sinus surgery, a widely used method in the treatment of chronic sinus disease can lead to major (0-1,5 %) and minor (1,1-20,8% ) complications. These complications are still important nowadays. Central nervous system (CNS) fistula, hemorrhage, meningitis, orbital injury and even death are major pathologies. These are usually the result of injury of fovea ethmoidalis or orbital structures [1-4]. If the skull base anatomy and its possible variations are well known these risks will be minimized. ‘Fovea ethmoidalis’ which seperates ethmoid cells from anterior cranial fossa forms the roof of ethmoidal labrynth [5, 6]. Fovea ethmoidalis adheres to lateral lamella of cribriform plate which is a medially located very thin bone [7]. Keros [8] classified the depth of olfactory fossa as the height of lateral lamella in 1962. According to his classification if the height of lateral lamella MATERIAL-METHOD Two hundred paranasal sinus computed tomographies performed for various reasons as a total of 400 hemisides of paranasal region were analyzed retrospectively. Patients under 18 years of age, with a history of prior surgery, trauma which led to massive destruction of bones and patients with congenital anomalies were excluded from the study. A hundred of the patients were female (18-77 years old, mean age: 36,91) and 100 male (18-76 years old, mean age:34,25), respectively. MDCT scanner (Siemens Medical Solutions, Enlargen, Germany) with consecutive 1mm thick sections were obtained and coronal multiplanar reconstructions were performed. Bone algorithm was used. In our study , we measured that the depths of olfactory fossa, identifying Keros types, the distances of the ethmoidal roof from hard palate, the distances between upper and lower limits of the orbita bilateraly. The height of ethmoid roof was calculated by measuring the distance between ethmoid roof and the upper limit of orbit a. Measurements in coronal sections were performed at the level of the optic nerve just posterior to the orbital globe. Also the shapes of the bone from the confluence of ethmoidal fovea with lateral lamella are called type 1 if its shape looks like a broken arrow (broken wing) and type 2 if its shape is flat (flattening) and forms of the asymmetry were investigated. Keros typing, ethmoid roof height and asymmetric shape of the fovea were investigated in both sexes whether there is a relationship between them. NCSS statistical analysis (Number Cruncher Statistical System) 2007 Statistical Software (Utah, USA) was performed with the package program. Data were evaluated by descriptive statistical methods (mean, standard deviation), as well as comparisons between groups one-way analysis of variance, in the sub-group comparisons Tukeys multiple comparison test, in the binary comparisons of groups and independent t test, in the qualitative comparisons of data chi-square and weighted kapp a compatibility test was used. Results significances were evaluated at p RESULTS: According to the classification of Keros, 3.75% of the patients Keros type I (n = 15), 59.5% Keros type II (n = 238), 36.75% Keros type III (n = 147). Keros type III is more common in males (n=86, 43%) than females (n=61, 30.5%) (p = 0.017). The shapes of fovea ethmoidalis in 97.25% (n = 389) of the patients were the broken arrows (type 1), while 2.75% (n = 11) of the shapes were flat (type 2) . In 54 cases (13.5%) an olfactory fossa Keros type asymmetry, in 11 cases (2.75%) foveal shape asymmetry was found. In seven patients (3.5%) as well as the foveal shape asymmetry also Keros olfactory fossa type asymmetry was seen . Keros type I patients’ orbital maximal height average were measured 33.07  ± 1.24 mm, Keros type II patients 32.57  ± 1.97 mm, Keros Type III patients 33.31  ± 2.11 mm respectively. In the male patients , the average heights of the orbits of Keros III group were significantly higher than Keros group II (p = 0.034). The olfactory fossa depth was measured at an average 6.45  ± 2.16 mm on the right , 6.39  ± 2.21 mm on the left. The average depth of the olfactory fossa in males (6.7  ± 2.45 mm) was higher than in females (6.13  ± 1.84 mm) (p = 0.01). There was no significant difference between the olfactory fossa depth between type 1 or type 2 foveal shape. Right and left olfactory fossa depth which were used for detection of Keros typing was compared. In 93 patients (46.5%) from the total of 200 patients asymmetry was detected. In 55 patients > 1 mm (27.5%), in 38 patients had > 2 mm (19%) difference was found. Forty-eight of them female and 45 were male. In seven of the same patients showed foveal shape asymmetry also. Average right ethmoid roof height 7.59  ± 2.25 mm ,average left ethmoid roof height was measured 7.75  ± 2.38 mm. In men with type 2 foveal shape the groups average height of the ethmoid roof (9.59  ± 2.77 mm) was higher than the foveal shape of type 1 group (7.66  ± 2.36 mm) (p = 0.042). In women, the average height of the ethmoid roof of type 2 group (8.75  ± 1.76 mm) was higher than type 1 group (7.34  ± 2.11 mm) (p = 0.03). There was no statistically significant difference was observed between the averages of heights of ethmoid roofs in Keros type I, II and III patients. Right and left ethmoid roof heigh ts were compared in total of 200 patients. There was an asymetry between left and right sides in 93 patients (46.5%) . In 55 patients > 1 mm difference (27.5%), in 38 patients had > 2 mm difference (19%) was found. Forty-nine of them were female, 44 of them were male. Five of the same patients showed asymmetry in the shape of the fovea also. In 54 patients (27%), asymmetry was observed in both ethmoid roof height and olfactory fossa depth . Twenty-nine of them were female, twenty-five of them were male. In the same group; the foveal shape in four patients showed asymmetry also. For the Keros type I patients both sides of the olfactory fossa depth asymmetry ratio was found to be more (53,3%) than the other types. For the same measurement, the ratios were found 40,8% and 29,4 % with Keros type II and type III respectively. Kerosian ethmoid roof height of both sides in patients with type I, asymmetry ratio was found to be greater (40.0%). For the same measurement, the results were 33.3% and 29.4% in Keros type III and type II respectively. In the Keros type I patients foveal shape asymmetry was found to be greater (20.0%) than the other types . The foveal shape asymetry for Keros type II was 4.2% and 4.08% for Keros type III respectively. DISCUSSION: The ethmoid sinuses have special importance especially in patients undergoing sinus surgery . Because these sinuses are close to vital organs such as the anterior cranial fossa, dura, orbita, optic nerve and anterior ethmoid artery [12, 13]. During endoscopic sinus surgery, the maximum likelihood of injury of the skull base is in Keros type III cases in which olfactory fossa are deep [9]. In 1962, in Keros’ study with 450 patients, type II patients at a rate of 70.16% (which was the most common type in that study), type III 18.25% and type I 11.59% of the patients [8]. In our study 3.75% of the patients were Keros type I (Figure 1), 59.5% of the patients were Keros type II (Figure 2), 36.75% of the patients were Keros type III (Figure 3) . After the point of the junction of fovea ethmoidalis with cribriform plate as well as the depth; the shape and symmetry of these structures are also important . In our study, in 93 patients (46.5%), olfactory fossa height asymmetry was detected and in another 93 patients (46.5%) foveal shape asymmetry was found. In 54 cases with height asymmetry there was also shape asymmetry (27%). In a study made by Basak et al. [14] in Turkey on 64 children with Keros type I, type II and type III incidences were explained in the following way; 9%, 53% and 38% . Anderhub et al. [15] researched 272 cases of German children for the analysis of cases of ethmoid roof . The results of their study were as follows: 14.2% of the patients Keros type 1, 70.6% of the patients Keros type II, 15.2% of the patients Keros type III . In Jang and his collegues study [16], on 205 adult patients, type II was the most common (69,5%). In Alazzaw and his collegues study [17] on 150 patients with 3 separate ethnic group type I 80%, type II 20% and type III 0% of the patients were detected. In a study made by Elwany and et al. [18] on 300 Egyptian 42,5% of type I, 56,8% type II and 1,4% type III were found respectively. In this study, the type II olfactory fossa was the commonest type in men (66.7%), while the type I fossa was commonest in women (53%). In a study made by Souza et al. [19] on 200 Brazilian with type I 26,3%, type II 73,3% and type III, 0,5% of reported cases. Solares et al. [20] in United States examined 50 cases, 83% of the cases type I, 15% type II and %2 type III respectively. In a study in Turkey Erdem et al. [21] showed 8,1% in 136 patients with type 1, 59,6% type II, 32,3% type III; Sahin et al. [22] in 100 cases detected 10% of the patients type I, 61% type II, 29% type III. Dr. Satish Nair [23], found that 77,2% of type II in the study, 17,2% of type I and 5,6%. of type III 5,6% respectively. As seen in the studies, differences are observed between different countries. In a study by Lebowitz et al. [24] 200 paranasal tomographies were interpreted. In 86 of the cases, olfactory fossa shapes were symmetric and their heights were the same. Ninety-six cases had shape asymmetry, 19 cases had height asymmetry in olfactory fossa, one case had both shape and height asymmetry. In a study made by Dessi et al. [11] on 150 Italian patients, 10% identified asymmetry of the height of the olfactory fossa. In Fan and et al. [25] studies’ on 160 Chinese patients, 15,6% of cases showed olfactory fossa height asymmetry, 38,75% of cases had foveal shape asymmetry. Souza et al. [19] showed ethmoid roof height asymmetry in 12% of the cases, contour asymmetry in 48,5% of the cases. Michael Reiss et al. [26] studied 644 patients, of which 31 % was detected height asymmetry. Kizilkaya et al. [2] reported that in 37,95% patients was detected height asymmetry. Dr. Satish Nair [23] identified height asymmetry in 11,7% of the cases. In the same study, ethmoid roof heigh t and contour asymmetry was found in patients at the highest rate with type I (67,8%); than 32,3% and 40% with type II and type III followed. In a study made by Kaplanoglu et al. [27] on 500 patients ; in 80% of cases was found height asymmetry, the foveal shape asymmetry was detected in 35% of the patients in the same study. Our current study in patients with Keros type I both olfactory fossa depth and height of the ethmoid roof asymmetries had greater percentage. But in our population Keros type I is less seen. However, most of the skull base injuries were seen in Keros type III cases at a prevalance of 36,75% in our study in which olfactory fossa depth and height of the ethmoid roof asymmetry rates were quite high (respectively 40,8%, 33,3%). Preoperative computed tomography must be interpreted in detail. Especially Keros typing must be done and all the variations should be evaluated carefully. CONCLUSION In patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery; knowledge of anatomic details and average lengths of skull base and their neighbouring structures and the possible variations of anatomical structures are very important for the prevention of complications that may occur during the operation. Therefore, the preoperative evaluation of paranasal sinus CT by considering the various possibilities is necessary and inevitable. REFERENCES 1. Hemmerdinger SA, Jacobs JB, Lebowitz RA. Accuracy and cost analysis of image-guided sinà ¼s surgery. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2005; 38:453–60. 2. E. Kizilkaya, M. Kantarci, C. C. Basekim et al., â€Å"Asymmetry of the height of the ethmoid roof in relationship to handedness,† Laterality, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 297–303, 2006. 3. May M, Levine HL, Mester SJ, Schaitkin B (1994) Complications of endoscopic sinus surgery: Analysis of 2108 patients incidence and prevention. Laryngoscope 104: 1080-1083. 4. Ulualp SO. Complications of endoscopic sinus surgery: appropriate management of complications. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008; 16: 252-9. 5. Stammberger HR, Kennedy DW; Anatomic Terminology Group. Paranasal sinuses: anatomic terminology and nomenclature. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 1995; 167: 7-16. 6. Stammberger H (1993) Endoscopic anatomy of lateral wall and ethmoidal  sinuses. St. Louis Mosby-Year Book 13-42. 7. Terrier F, Weber W, Ruefenacht D, Porcellini B. Anatomy of the ethmoid: CT, endoscopic and macroscopic. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995; 144: 493-500. 8. Keros P. On the practical value of differences in the level of the lamina cribrosa of the ethmoid. Z Laryngol Rhinol Otol. 1962; 41:809–813. 9. Ohnishi T, Yanagisawa E. Lateral lamella of the cribriform plate – an important high-risk area in endoscopic sinus surgery. Ear Nose Throat J. 1995;74:688–90. 10. Lee JC, Song YJ, Chung YS, Lee BJ, Jang YJ, et al. (2007) Height and shape of the skull base as risk factors for skull base penetration during endoscopic sinus surgery. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 116: 199-205. 11. Dessi P, Moulin G, Triglia JM, et al. Difference in the height of the right and left ethmoidal roofs: a possible risk factor for ethmoidal surgery. Prospective study of 150 CT scans. J Laryngol Otol. 1994;108:261–2. 12. Zacharek MA, Han JK, Allen R, Weissman JL, Hwang PH. (2005)Sagittal and coronal dimensions of the ethmoid roof: a radioanatomic study. Am J Rhinol 19: 348-52. 13. Ohnishi T, Tachibana T, Kaneko Y, Esaki S (1993)High-risk areas in endoscopic sinus surgery and prevention of complications. Laryngoscope 103:1181-1185. 14. Basak S, Akdilli A, Karaman CZ, et al. Assessment of some important anatomical variations and dangerous areas of the paranasal sinuses by computed tomography in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2000;55:81–9. 15. Anderhuber W, Walch C, Fock C. Configuration of ethmoid roof in children 0-14 years of age. Laryngorhinootologie. 2001;80:509–11. 16. Jang YJ, Park HM, Kim HG. The radiographic incidence of bony defects in the lateral lamella of the cribriform plate. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 1999;24:440–2. 17. Alazzawi S, Omar R, Rahmat K, Alli K. Radiological analysis of the ethmoid roof in the Malaysian population. Auris Nasus Larynx 2012; 39: 393-6. 18. Elwany S, Medanni A, Eid M, Aly A, El-Daly A, Ammar SR. Radiological observations on the olfactory fossa and ethmoid roof. J Laryngol Otol 2010; 124: 1251-6. 19. Souza SA, Souza MMA, Idagawa M, Wolosker AMB, Ajzen SA. Computed tomography assessment of the ethmoid roof: a relevant region at risk in endoscopic sinus surgery. Radiol Bras 2008; 4: 143-7. 20. Solares CA, Lee WT, Batra PS, Citardi MJ. Lateral Lamella of the cribriform plate. Software-enabled computed tomographic analysis and its clinical relevance in skull base surgery. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008; 134: 285-9. 21. Erdem G, Erdem T, Miman MC, Ozturan O. A radiological anatomic study of the cribriform plate compared with constant structures. Rhinology 2004; 42: 225-9. 22. Ã…Å ¾ahin C, YÄ ±lmaz YF, Titiz A, Ozcan M, Ozlugedik S, Unal A. Analysis of Ethmoid Roof and Cranial Base in Turkish Population. KBB ve BBC Dergisi 2007; 15: 1-6. 23. Nair S (2012) Importance of Ethmoidal Roof in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery. Open Access Scientific Reports; 1: 251. 24. Lebowitz RA, Terk A, Jacobs JB, et al. Asymmetry of the ethmoid roof: analysis using coronal computed tomography. Laryngoscope. 2001;111: 2122–4. 25. Fan J, Wu J, Wang H, Lang J, Lin S. Imaging analysis of the ethmoid roof. Ling Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zai 2005; 69-71. 26. Reis M, Reis G. Height of Right and Left Ethmoid Roofs: Aspects of Laterality in 644 Patients. Int J Otolaryngol 2011; 508907. 27. Hatice Kaplanoglu, Veysel Kaplanoglu, Alper Dilli, Ugur Toprak, Baki HekimoÄÅ ¸lu. An Analysis of the Anatomic Variations of the Paranasal Sinuses and Ethmoid Roof Using Computed Tomography. Eurasian J Med 2013; 45: 115-25. 1

Caribbean culture Essay

Creolisation is a top element of the Caribbean culture. It is a word derived from the word Creole; it however is not meant to just describe the Creole culture. It is a broad anthropological term used to describe the coming together of different cultural traits especially of the West Indies to form a new trait. This occurs when two or more languages are combined to give one unique language. In essence, Creolisation refers to the blending of diverse cultures to give one unique culture. The adaptability of Creolisation by the Caribbean culture in this age of globalization is a good thing for the Caribbean economy but may be injurious to the culture of the Caribbean peoples. Because the people of the caribbeans will be speaking a common, creolized language it will be relatively easy for the member states of the Caribbean region to communicate with each other. Creolisation of their cultures will enhance further understanding among the creolized states of the Caribbean. ( Ancelet et al, 2001) Nearly all the states of the Caribbean have â€Å"creolized† cultures. From the Jamaicans, the Cajuns, the Bahamas, British Guyana etc. Their various cultures have been creolized. They all speak the language of their colonial masters in the pidgin form and have adopted certain cultures form their colonial masters. Like the drinking of processed liquor, smoking of cigarettes etc. These imperialist cultures have made several African countries’ economies to suffer. Country like Nigeria which used to eat the type of the imperial master’s food, his wine and wear his clothes spent fortunes of its country earnings to fund the importation of these items. This led to a plunge in the fortunes of this country. The Caribbean however are people that are very proud of their heritage. They designed their own music form (e. g. reggae) have their own drinks- which are largely influenced by the culture of their forefathers. Their food has however been creolized as it is influenced by imperialist cultures. Though it is still very much part of their own creation. In creolising, care must be taken not to change an existing culture completely. This fear is as captured by Appiah as thus: â€Å"Nevertheless, contemporary multiculturalists are right in thinking that a decent education will teach children about the various social identities around them. First, because each child has to negotiate the creation of his or her own individual identity, using these collective identities as one (but only one) of the resources; second, so that all can be prepared to deal with one another respectfully in a common civic life. Much of current multicultural education seems to me to have these reasonable aims: let us call this weak version â€Å"liberal multiculturalism† (1997). † From Appiah’s documentation, creolisation has been viewed from these perspectives: a. creolisation as the major social and cultural fact about Caribbean life (what matters will of course be the social process but it may prove illuminating to proceed via linguistics) and b. Arnold’s accounts of i. Western culture as an amalgam of Hellenism and Hebraism, and ii. the English race as an amalgam of Celtic, German and Norman â€Å"bloods†. Considering the errors that are often linked with cultural talk, the creole context, and an Arnoldian perspective on the West or simply on England, both reveal that a culture lives, changes, innovates, is in a process of continuous evolution. Where alternatives are to hand, this often means selection, not simply preserving and reproducing. It is not therefore a complete or necessarily coherent bundle to which we may add Gellner’s point about the multiplicity of nearly all cultures: the official first eleven has a fall-back for other occasions, scriptural Islam versus the dervishes. The Creole context makes it plain that there is nothing genetic in operation. More importantly, that context gives no one reason to think a culture will continue in the same old way. As noted already, we find proper examples in Trinidad or now in St Lucia. Alleyne was sad to see that a form of Twi-Asante is â€Å"dying† (Alleyne, 1988) in Jamaica. There is reason for the Caribbean to regret that they no longer speak like Chaucer, or Arnold. One may regret death, but that does not entail that one would endorse immortality — we must move to a view that puts life and death in their place and accepts both. Or to return to less exalted matters, it may be pleasant to discover†retention† but it is not what makes or breaks a culture. â€Å"Transculturation† (Bolland, 2001) can be endorsed with out it. without it. Economic integration will automatically come in with the achievement of cultural integration. This will provide for a bigger, more cohesive, stronger and unity front for which the Caribbean states can push for economic and political relevance in the world order. It is good to note however that there is a significant level of creoliastion in the Caribbean. They all speak an almost similar language; pidgin English, have similar music etc. however a lot can still be done in the creolisation of the in the Caribbean. Major impediments to a successful creolisation in the Caribbean are the influence of colonialists. Different states of the Caribbean had different colonialists who set then in captivity, freed them and are now coming back in the name of neo-imperialism. The different states of the Caribbean speak the languages of their colonialists-maybe in the pidgin form. A perfect example of creolisation is with the Cajun language, which is a mixture of French and English and also African languages. Language is in general evaluatively neutral. As Macaulay pointed out long ago, there is no intrinsic basis in the language to prefer Latin to Chinook as a component of elite education. If one thinks of culture by reference to conventions like language, there is scarcely any scope for evaluatively ranking exemplars, but if one focuses on the way culture operates as â€Å"an engineering program for producing persons† (Nerlich, 1989) then there is no more reason not to discriminate among them than there is not to distinguish a saint or an ordinary decent person from the likes of Pinochet or Burmese generals. â€Å"Moral† equality among persons is no bar to moral discriminations. Of course creolisation doesn’t provide us with a recipe. There is still much difference of opinion on what has actually happened in the case of prototypical creoles and pidgins. But one lesson I would wish to draw from recent debates is that what is salient for ordinary usage (once upon a time, foreign-born, now whatever it is) or for some theoretical perspective (e. g. , origin in a colonial slave plantation) does not uniquely characterise the outcomes of contact situations. There are a host of types of language contact bringing with them a host of outcomes, perhaps depending on particular social or historical configurations. Mufwene has enunciated his idealised and apparently deterministic version of this idea in relation to creoles, immigrant workers’ varieties, etc. by saying that â€Å"in all these cases of language contact we still deal with the same equation for restructuring; only the value of some variables keep changing† (Mufwene, 1997). Taking this in conjunction with the fact he has particularly stressed, that the categories we rely on have been taken from the contingencies of the social reality, not from theory, we find that what structurally or in some other respect are very similar situations become classified differently. The terminology remains affected by the connotations attached to terms by metropolitan non-specialist users. So, speaking of American or Australian English, Mufwene remarks â€Å"there are other good socio-historical reasons why these varieties have not been called creoles: they developed in settings in which descendants of non-Europeans have been in the minority; and they have not been disowned by Europeans and descendants thereof† (Mufwene, 1997). References 1. Appiah, K. A. (1997). The Multiculturalist Misunderstanding, New York Review of Books, October 9, 2006 2. E. P. Brandon, (2001). Creolisation, syncretism, and multiculturalism

The War Against Topics for Essay Ielts

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